Fahrenheit 451 - 1583 Words

FAHRENHEIT 451 This is the most interesting time we live in, filled with new technology and designs to help make our lives better. As wondrous and beautiful as it appears to be, there lies a certain amount of danger that can be nearly as seductive as it is deadly. The beauty often lies behind commercialism, materialism and capitalism. This seductiveness creeps in and brings anguish and chaos in our society, a place where popular culture flourishes. It is far easier to live a life of seclusion and illusion, a life where television is one’s reality. This is how life is represented in Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451, in which a society has changed into a pleasurable fantasy world by thinking censoring books is superior.†¦show more content†¦Instead, it manipulates viewers that this ‘real world’ is fabricated with ‘near perfect’ flawless people, having MTV pay for all expenses to fall back on and go partying every night. The public fin ds it hard to believe that it can be make-believe because television gives the desires that we want to watch. Television recreates an illusional world can coincides with Bradbury’s story. Instead of accepting our real identities, we rather see dreams and desires that can be â€Å"what if they can come true.† Wishing for a ideal lifestyle shows how one can be captured into the fake media. Montag’s wife, Mildred, is an example of fleeing away the real world by being subdued to television. She has a television system that covers three of the walls and is upset that they cannot afford to buy the screen to cover the fourth wall. This sophisticated TV has a control unit that allows the viewer to interact with the characters on the program and an option to insert a name into specific placers, a feature that Mildred is ecstatic about. This creates the image that the characters are actually conversing with the viewers. Since Mildred has only a few friends, she spends most of her day in the TV room watching a program that views a family in action, similar to today’s MTV Real World. Mildred is Bradbury’s example of how being washed into television brings nothing but a fakeShow MoreRelatedFahrenheit 4511365 Words   |  6 PagesBradbury s novel, Fahrenheit 451, was written at the onset of the fifties as a call to the American people to reflect on how the dominant social values of their times were effecting both the lives of individual Americans and their government. Fahrenheit 451 attacks utopian government and focuses on society s foolishness of always being politically correct. (Mogen 113). According to Mogen, Fahrenheit 451 depicts a world in which the American Dream has turned into a nightmare because it has beenRead MoreFahrenheit 451704 Words   |  3 PagesSTUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS FOR FAHRENHEIT 451 As you read each section of the novel, answer briefly the following questions. Part I: The Hearth and the Salamander (pages 1-65) 1. What do the firemen do for a living? In our world, firemen fight fires. In â€Å"Fahrenheit 451, â€Å"the firemen burns books. They do this to fight ideas and to keep their society safe from disruptive influences. 2. What is never washed off completely? In Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, Montag says that â€Å"you never wash it off completelyRead MoreFahrenheit 4511345 Words   |  6 PagesBethany Edwards Censorship or Knowledge Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451 is a good example of censorship and restriction and the results of what can happen because of this. Ray Bradbury predicts in his novel that the future is without literature -- everything from newspapers to novels to the Bible. This novel is about a world that is so structured and censored that even a common fireman exist not to fight fires, for all buildings are fireproof, but instead to burn books. Books are made toRead MoreFahrenheit 4511651 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Dream. We are told that these achievements can be done by adapting to America’s ideals and cultural norms. The ‘American Dream’ is attainable for those who fall in step with the majority. This conformity is illustrated in Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451. In the novel, Guy Montag becomes disillusioned with the illiterate ignorance of his society. Through a series of tragic events, Montag finds the vapid world must be changed. This change will be the only way to attain true knowledge, thus freedomRead MoreFahrenheit 4511858 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Jhoan Aguilar Mrs. Armistead English III H (4) October 24, 2013 The Exhort of Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury created the novel Fahrenheit 451 as a way to admonish future generations against social and economic trends that would emerge during the twentieth century. I. Introduction II. Reasons behind novel A. World events B. Personal events III. Economic trends of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries A. The economics of consumerism B. Economic effects on society IV. Social trendsRead More1984 And Fahrenheit 4511505 Words   |  7 PagesOrwell, and Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, the concepts of totalitarianism and censorship are addressed in various ways. Both texts are of dystopian fiction, set in post-nuclear war nations, although they are somewhat of a different nature. The concepts of totalitarianism and censorship are explored throughout the texts by addressing the issue of ‘knowledge is power’, the use and abuse of technology and the desensitising of society. Although these are mentioned in both 1984 and Fahrenheit 451, they areRead MoreEssay On Fahrenheit 451833 Words   |  4 PagesWhy shouldn’t Fahrenheit 451 be banned? Ban books or burn them? Ray Bradbury wrote his famous novel Fahrenheit 451 in 1953 fantasizing about a world in which books were banned, and when a book was found it was burnt and destroyed. Little did he know that his thought of books being banned could actually happen and that it would be one of his own. Today Fahrenheit 451 is being banned and challenged in schools all across America. How ironic that a book about books being banned is now being banned aroundRead MoreFahrenheit 451 - Symbolism1432 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism in Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury, perhaps one of the best-known science fiction, wrote the amazing novel Fahrenheit 451. The novel is about Guy Montag, a ‘fireman who produces fires instead of eliminating them in order to burn books (Watt 2). One night while he is walking home from work he meets a young girl who stirs up his thoughts and curiosities like no one has before. She tells him of a world where fireman put out fires instead of starting them and where people read books and thinkRead More`` Fahrenheit 451 And The Sniper ``1643 Words   |  7 Pagesabilities. It can be difficult to determine what elements make up a hero. However, by examining heroes in different stories, the elements of what makes a hero can become clearer. Classic heroes in The Odyssey can be examined, along with the heroes in Fahrenheit 451 and The Sniper. By taking apart the characteristics and traits of these heroes, a deeper understanding of a hero can be found. Rather than by a character s physical abilities, a hero c an be defined by their displays of courage, determinationRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesAs renowned author Ernest Hemingway said, â€Å"There is no friend as loyal as a book†. This can be true at times, but in Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451, many people in the novel’s dystopian society think otherwise. In this essay I’ll be discussing the 5 books I’d save from the firemen if I was Guy Montag in Fahrenheit 451, and which of the 5 I’d choose to remember and â€Å"become†. The books I’d save would be Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Markus Zusak’s The Book Thief, Jandy Nelson’s I’ll Give

Econ 306 Hw Solutions Essay - 1181 Words

100 Points Total Answer the following questions as well as you can. LATE HOMEWORKS ARE NEVER ACCEPTED. You may meet/consult with colleagues in the class. But the assignment you turn in needs to be your own work. You should show some (though not necessarily every bit) of work for any substantial calculations. 1. (Each part 5 points) Suppose . That is, X has a normal distribution with ÃŽ ¼=30 and ÏÆ'2=144. 1a. Find a transformation of that will give it a mean of zero and a variance of one (ie., standardize ). Let the transformed variable be named Z. We desire ÃŽ ¼z=0, ÏÆ'2z=1. This means 0=a+b ÃŽ ¼X and b2 ÏÆ'2X=1. One solution to this system of equations is b=1/12 and a=-5/2. Of course, if you recognized the fact that our standard†¦show more content†¦4a. If X and W are uncorrelated, find the mean and variance of . The value of the mean is 30+2*40=110 Since they are uncorellated, the Correlation term is zero. Thus, the variance is 144+4*225=1044 4b. Find the probability that . With the mean and variance calculated above, the z-value matching 120 is (120-110)/32.31=.31 The probability that z exceeds .31 is .3783. Henceforth, suppose that X and W have a correlation coefficient Ï =-.25. 4c. What is the covariance of X and W? 4d. Find the probability that . Using the formula from part a: Var[X+2W]=864, making the z-value (120-110)/29.39=.34. The probability of exceeding .34 is .3669. 4e. Find the probability that . At 50, the z-value is -60/29.39=-2.04 The probability that z is less than this number is .0207. Since the probability of being less than 120 was implied in part d of being .6331, the probability of landing between the two is the difference: .6124. 5. (Each part 5 points) Our bank from Question 2 has decided to look more deeply into the matter of customer wait times. In addition to information on the waiting times, the bank has compiled information about the credit scores of the applicants. That is, the bank has 20 observation of the following 2 variables: Observation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Wait Time 5 7 22 4 12 9 9 14 3 6 Credit Score 740 730 550 700 650 660 630 600 760 730 Observation 11 12 13 14 15 16Show MoreRelatedThe Emergence of the Fast Fashion Business Model and Imposed Quick Response Challenges for Chinese Fabric Manufacturers14773 Words   |  60 Pagesall of these qualities are employing â€Å"dynamic capabilities† and will beneï ¬ t from developing the best long-term, trust-based relationships with client retailers, which is a critical factor in the supply chain for mutual buyer/supplier beneï ¬ ts of solutions and expertise (Abernathy 2000; The Emergence of the Fast Fashion Business Model 399 Asanuma 1989; Sheridan et al. 2006). Through the adoption of dynamic capabilities, suppliers may differentiate themselves from their competitors in critical

Health and Medicine

Questions: 1. What do you need to learn? 2. How is this learning relevant to the safe and effective practice of pharmacy? 3. Why do you think that this learning may be useful for your future practice? 4. What have you learnt? 5. Give an example of how what you have learned could be applied to patient care in your future role as a pharmacist 6. What have been benefits of these activities to your learning? Answers: 1. According to A.M White et al., front-line pharmacists require formal education and clear understanding of the subject to perform well in the pharmaceutical world (White et al., 2012). They form the middle ground between the practitioner and the patient. As far as educational background is concerned, to become a pharmacist an individual should have formal undergraduate education i.e. at least two years of college education. Then the individual should qualify the Pharm D level exam to become a qualifying pharmacist. But, if I intend to practice as a pharmacist I will need to learn some basic tactical approaches of good pharmaceutical practice. I will need to learn how to identify quality errors of medications to ensure that patients are always supplied with medicines of the highest quality. I will also need to learn about the laws of pharmacy practice and laws regarding supply of medications. There are several other things to learn if I want to have a successful career as a pharmacist. Some of the factors are: Ensuring that the medicines supplied are suitable for particular patient. Ensuring that all medicine related information is supplied to the patient. Supervising the pharmacy premises and the medicine supply chain. Advising patients and other professionals about safe and effective medicinal practice (DeLucenay et al., 2013). 2. Acquiring basic knowledge about pharmaceutical practices can help me, as a licensed and practicing pharmacist, to maintain basic safety and effective medical behavior in relation to maintaining patient well being. The pharmacy is at the first step of the medical flow-chart (Kripalani et al., 2012). Every patient with minor ailment is supposed to come to the pharmacy for an evaluation and a prescription before visiting the nurses or the GPs office. But I have noticed that with every passing year the number of patients in the pharmacy have dwindled to a minimal number. Patients tend to rely on the GPs advice even for minor ailments, this behavior is neither expected nor is it good for pharmacies. As per the recorded findings of Fielding et al., there are several practices that can enhance the pharmaceutical practice (Fielding et al., 2015). I am keen on maintaining high safety and effectiveness levels in my pharmacy. I keep a track of the medicines prescribed; I check the inventory regularly to check on the dates of the stored medicines and the amount of supply. I also promote healthy prescribing of medicines that is if a patient comes in with a minor ailment then most suitable medication is prescribed with the most suitable dose. This helps enhance the level of safety and effective practice in the pharmacy. 3. As per the statistics recorded by Paudyal et al., the future of pharmaceutical industry is bright (Paudyal et al., 2013). In my opinion we as pharmacists can change the face of the medical industry. Safe practices in the pharmacy can help keep the patients satisfied with the service they are getting. It can also help maintain the pharmacists good reputation (Kilcup et al., 2013). More patients will rely on the pharmacy in question and that will brighten the future of the pharmaceutical industry. After getting the required degrees in pharmacy, if I choose to follow the safe and effective practices then my practice will flourish, I will get more recommendations and people will learn to trust my medical decisions in case of minor ailments. My profile as a pharmacist will improve and my career will move forward. I will also be able to provide my patients will with clear instructions about their specific ailments which in turn will help them cope with their condition. The organizational level of the pharmacy I work in will increase which will help in managing the pharmacy better. Inventory management, quality maintenance and quantity check will be in order. All these practices will help improve my future prospects and improve minor ailment care in my pharmacy. 4. Based on the studies conducted by Watson et al., pharmaceutical help acquired from the pharmacist can help both the patient and the pharmacist (Watson et al., 2015). If the pharmacist spends enough time in learning about the basics of good pharmaceutical behavior during diagnosis and care of minor ailments then the chances of improving the level of service are high (Nightingale et al., 2015). As a pharmacist I have learnt: The perfect way to conduct one-on-one counseling sessions with patients with minor ailments. The way to conduct detailed assessment sessions describing treatments and recommendations to the patient. The inherent tactics of creating list of effective recommendations. How to independently prescribe medications and physician referrals to patients suffering from minor ailment. How to create a medical plan based on the expected outcome. How to keep a track on the inventory items and their dates. How to keep records of relevant documents. How to clear the doubts of the patient regarding his or her medical issue. How to contact and interact with a patients primary care provider. How to stay within the safety limits of pharmacy management. There are several other lessons to learn if I want to become a successful pharmacist. Along with customary education, common sense, legal knowledge and patient management strategy are required. Safety and comfort of the patient is the primary concern. Every recommendation should be based on acute analysis of the patients issues, healthcare program, present health condition and personal requirements. 5. Laws and regulations allowing licensed pharmacists to prescribe medicines independently came into effect in the year 2006 (Mak et al., 2013). Since then, pharmacists have been assisting patients by prescribing them medicines and by providing them medical instructions to follow. To qualify as an independent prescriber, a pharmacist has to complete an accreditation programme. The program allows pharmacists to offer medical advice, give medical opinion and prescribe any medication for any medical condition (Vemon, 2014). To prescribe medications to patients pharmacists should rely on prior experience from the program and common sense because the responsibility of the patients health lies on the shoulder of pharmacist alone. The lessons I have learnt about Pharmaceutical management practices have helped me in my daily role as a medical assistant in my patients life. For instance, I have learnt about the importance of inventory control and quality management. This in turn has helped me understand that providing my patients with high quality medicine is of utmost importance. This has helped build trust between me and my patient. Not only that, this has also helped me improve my understanding of medical categorization. My patients trust my opinion and choose my services over that of the GPs in case of minor ailments. 6. Learning about pharmaceutical management during cases of minor ailment has helped me improve as a pharmacist. Patients from all around the neighborhood come to me; from people with joint pain to people with repetitive bouts of cough and cold. The diagnosis is mostly different in each case. Explorative learning has helped me cope well in such situations. I can understand the problems better and my organizational skills as a pharmacist has improved exponentially. Moreover, I have learned about the importance of one-on-one sessions with my patients. This has created an air of confidentiality between me and my patients. They trust me with their minor medical problems. My communicative duties for the patient have also improved. I understand that it is my duty to provide all the disease related information to the patient I am treating so that he or she can cope well with the condition. Pharma is all about learning new things, I have learnt a lot of new things and hope to learn more (Fielding et al., 2015). References DeLucenay, A., Scott, M. A., Bunting, B. (2013). Development of pharmacist-led wellness clinic using the clinical pharmacist practitioner model.Journal of the American Pharmacists Association,53(2), 118-119. Fielding, S., Porteous, T., Ferguson, J., Maskrey, V., Blyth, A., Paudyal, V., ... Watson, M. C. (2015). Estimating the burden of minor ailment consultations in general practices and emergency departments through retrospective review of routine data in North East Scotland.Family practice,32(2), 165-172. Kilcup, M., Schultz, D., Carlson, J., Wilson, B. (2013). Postdischarge pharmacist medication reconciliation: impact on readmission rates and financial savings.Journal of the American Pharmacists Association,53(1), 78-84. Kripalani, S., Roumie, C. L., Dalal, A. K., Cawthon, C., Businger, A., Eden, S. K., ... Huang, R. L. (2012). Effect of a pharmacist intervention on clinically important medication errors after hospital discharge: a randomized trial.Annals of internal medicine,157(1), 1-10. Mak, V. S., Clark, A., March, G., Gilbert, A. L. (2013). The Australian pharmacist workforce: employment status, practice profile and job satisfaction.Australian Health Review,37(1), 127-130. Nightingale, G., Hajjar, E., Swartz, K., Andrel-Sendecki, J., Chapman, A. (2015). Evaluation of a pharmacist-led medication assessment used to identify prevalence of and associations with polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medication use among ambulatory senior adults with cancer.Journal of Clinical Oncology, JCO-2014. Paudyal, V., Watson, M. C., Sach, T., Porteous, T., Bond, C. M., Wright, D. J., ... Holland, R. (2013). Are pharmacy-based minor ailment schemes a substitute for other service providers?.Br J Gen Pract,63(612), e472-e481. Vernon, J. (2014). Early career pharmacist focus: Driving change.Australian Pharmacist,33(10), 19. Watson, M. C., Ferguson, J., Barton, G. R., Maskrey, V., Blyth, A., Paudyal, V., ... Wright, D. (2015). A cohort study of influences, health outcomes and costs of patients health-seeking behaviour for minor ailments from primary and emergency care settings.BMJ open,5(2), e006261. White, A. M., Albertson, B., Muncey, L. (2012). Development and implementation of a clinical pharmacist training and assessment program.American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy,69(4), 278-281.

What Electronic Data Interchange Essay Example

What Electronic Data Interchange Essay I will expand on what Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is (conventional and internet based) and share with you some of the benefits and downfalls of operating such a system. Some of the benefits are lower costs, improved accuracy, and decreased paper output and processing time. One main downfall is the initial cost of the implementation of the system. I will also give you an example of how a company uses this technology. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) as defined by Roger Clarke: the exchange of documents in standardized electronic form, between organizations, in an automated manner, directly from a computer application in one organization to an application in another. EDI has been around for several decades and it has been the primary method of conducting electronic business-to-business commerce. It contains the same information that would be found on paper documents used for the same function within an organization. The following are elements of EDI: We will write a custom essay sample on What Electronic Data Interchange specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Electronic Data Interchange specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Electronic Data Interchange specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer * Electronic transmission medium (VAN or the Internet) is used rather than the dispatch of physical storage media such as magnetic tapes and disks. * Structured, formatted messages based on agreed standards (messages can be translated, interpreted and checked). * Fast delivery of electronic documents within hours or minutes from sender to receiver. * Communication directly between applications rather than between computers. Conventional EDI Conventional EDI uses standard formats, American National Standards Institutes (ANSIs) X12 series, which specifies standard fields for invoices, purchase orders, shipping documents, payments and various other data transactions. The EDI software pulls flat files (where links to other data have been removed) from the mainframe systems such as financial and/or order-processing and translates the data into EDI standard forms. Then companies transmit large batches of EDI forms over a third-party value-added network (VAN). VANs make the job of connecting with other trading partners, organizations that receive or send documents from each other, easier by collecting forms in an electronic mailbox. It then sorts, translates and forwards them to recipients and guarantees that they reach their destinations intact. Benefits of conventional EDI are large companies can reduce the amount of errors in relation to re-keying information and decreasing the time and clerical costs of processing paper forms by hand. EDI standards and technologies are dependable, trusted and proven. Information is sent on private lines that have very little exposure to the public and in turn are relatively secure. Also, large volumes of data are moved efficiently through batch transfer of flat files, and established VANs help ease finding trading partners and connecting to their systems. Downfalls of conventional EDI are companies have to link their back-office systems to the EDI software, and then it has to synchronize protocols with their trading partners systems. Compatibility with new applications is difficult because of the complexity of the X12 formats. As a result of the compatibility the process of transferring large batches of data are delayed, which is at odds with todays real-time world. Also, the cost of transmitting data through VANs is very costly at $25 per 1,000 characters, but today costs are getting lower. Because conventional EDI is so rigid, costly and time consuming to initiate, it is only cost-effective for very large companies. For these reasons it keeps the number of EDI participants relatively very low. EDI via the Internet The internet was once thought to be the end of EDI, but instead it has given EDI users new options. EDI via the internet is basically the same as conventional EDI with the exception of how the information is transmitted. EDI transactions can now be sent over the internet instead of sending X12 forms back and forth via VANs. Software products put transactions into encrypted envelopes and then electronically seal them so that only authorized parties with the encryption key can view the contents. The envelopes are then sent over the public internet instead of privately owned VANs. Benefits of sending the transactions over the internet instead of via VANs are it can drastically reduce transmission costs and it is much faster. Also, most companies already have internet access and therefore would not have to pay additional costs to transmit batches over the internet. This would make it easier to attract new trading partners, like mom and pop stores, that have internet connections, but do not have the revenue to invest in VANs. Downfalls of EDI via the internet are questions raised about security, like confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and denial of having sent or received transactions. Security is only a concern for some not all EDI managers. Another downfall is that the required software must be the same for trading partners at both ends. They must install the same software and coordinate their upgrade cycles. Efforts are being made to make systems compatible and create requirements for EDI over the internet standards, but this takes time and therefore companies are limited to firm EDI formats. Example of EDI Large companies like Wal-Mart Stores Inc. have an EDI-based stock-replenishment system, which sends sales data to suppliers and initiates reordering of hot-selling items. This drastically reduces retailers warehouse inventory costs. Also, this system tells the manufacturers warehouse to ship product direct to a specific retail location. Typical information in a transmission includes a ship to address, bill to address, UPC codes, and quantities. Other information can be included if agreed upon by the trading parties. This process is also practiced by fields such as medicine, transportation, construction, engineering as well as many other industries. The full potential of an EDI system can be best utilized if it is integrated with other applications such as inventory control, shipping, accounts payable and production planning. Unfortunately, suppliers are forced to use the sometimes costly EDI system in order to continue a business relationship with the larger companies. This is not always as cost-effective for suppliers as it is for the larger companies. Summary EDI saves time because it is faster at transmitting data, delivers data with the utmost accuracy, cuts down on paper usage and decreases overall time by eliminating re-keying of information. It is a more stream-lined business process for both trading parties. Benefits can be obtained in areas like administration, inventory management, distribution, and cash management. EDI has its share of problems, but its benefits far exceed them. With the internet it is becoming easier for trading partners to transmit data at a much greater reduced cost to both parties. The next few years hold great promise for EDI and the internet. Existing EDI forms can be kept by trading partners and new ways of transmitting data can be found cheaper, which will enable more new partners.

Exam Paper on Quality Control Management and Six Sigma Essay Example

Exam Paper on Quality Control Management and Six Sigma Essay Example Exam Paper on Quality Control Management and Six Sigma Essay Exam Paper on Quality Control Management and Six Sigma Essay A. Evaluate the organizational changes made by the company in 2005 relative to the theory of LEAN and TQM. Assignment 2 (Weight: 60%): LEAN Value Stream Analysis A. Make a Value Stream Map (VSM) of the companys current set-up B. Analyze the urrent value stream and describe waste and improvement opportunities (Kaizen events). C. Present a VSM future state, and discuss/argue for your choices of design Assignment 3 (Weight: 20%): Six Sigma A. Explain what characterize a process that has a Six Sigma Capability. B. Explain the difference between special cause variation and common cause variation (i. e. assignable variation versus system variation), and why the ability to identify and distinguish between these types of variation is crucial when working with Six Sigma. Case to the exam assignment: Office Chairs Inc. The company Office Chairs, Inc. in the case the Company) designs and produces office chairs. The company is placed in Denmark where administration, design and manufacturing takes place. The company sells its chairs to whole sellers throughout the ELI, who in turn sell the chairs to retailers. Both the whole sellers and companys chairs. Market situation: retailers keep a small inventory o Since 2005 the company has experienced an increasing pressure from the whole sellers demanding: 1. Lower prices 2. Faster delivery performance (lead time) 3. More product variants 4. Customer tailoring (i. . the customer designs his/her own chair) Key financial figures: Figure Year 2006 2007 2008 Total revenue (in million DKR) 235 243 Number of chairs sold (in thousands) 213 241 265 EBIT on million DKR) 31 5 -11 Total number of full time employees 110 114 119 Orders delivered on time -performance 82% 98% Raw material inventory (average, in million DKR) 2 7 11 Work in progress inventory (average, in m illion DKR) 6 Finished goods inventory (average, in million DKR) 4 9 18 Organizational changes made in 2005: In 2005 the company made the following organizational changes: 1 . The company builds a new production plant (schematically shown at the last page f the case) 2. New vision: The company wants to be the best supplier in the EIJ with regards to delivery time. The goal, which the company more or less reached in 2006, is to be able to ship orders the day after the order is placed. Most of the companys whole sellers now expect this fast service, the effect being a significant increase in the companys inventories. 3. The company changed its chair design so that all office chairs are build using the same basic components. The company produces the following components: 2 types of feet (one with and one without wheels) 2 types of seats (soft and hard) types of back rest (low and high) The company orders the following components from suppliers: 1 type of piston (making the seating height adjustable) 1 type of arm rest These basic components allows for 16 different basic models (8 basic models that can be fitted with arm rests if the customer so desires). All components are in the same color (black). The company offers 5 different types of fabric (for the seat and back rest) in 10 different colors. 4. With the new design the company also changes the way offices chairs are ordered by retailers. The company have made a catalogue and an order sheet showing the ifferent design components (i. e. types of feet, seat, arm rest ) fabrics and colors, and the customer (end user) simply fill out this order sheet in the retail shop. The retailer then fills out an order form that is faxed directly to the company (or to the whole seller that taxes the order torm to the company). . Customer orders are processed in the Customer service and order processing department, where the faxed order forms from the retailers/whole sellers are registered in the companys ERP system. The ERP system contains all delivery orders as well as data on inventory evels of all raw materials, work in progress inventory and finished goods inventories. The ERP system automatically transfer packaging and invoice instructi ons to the shipment department, who is responsible for packaging and shipment of all incoming orders. Orders received before 2 0clock are made ready for shipment before 12 0clock the following day. The whole sellers are responsible for arranging transport from the company to the whole seller (or directly to the retailer). 6. The company makes a Department for quality control, that are placed organizationally nder the inventory department. Quality control is done using statistically calculated samples, which are analyzed by specialists from the inventory department. Samples are taken from both the raw materials inventory and the finished goods inventory no later than one week after it is places in inventory. Quality control results are registered in a computer program that will alert the specialist in case the sample deviates from the set specification limits. In the case of deviations from the specified limits the specialist will notify the production department, who is responsible for lacing the inspected lot in quarantine and wait for instructions from the department for quality control. The department for quality control inspects quarantined goods once a week and decides what to do with it (i. e. rework or scrap). Production The production takes place in different production units (see the schematic drawing at the last page): Piston: Delivered by an independent supplier, who receives an order every 14 days. Pistons are ordered when the minimum inventory level reaches 8000 and a minimum order of 15000 is placed. The pistons are delivered within 2-3 days, and are placed in he raw material inventory. Arm rests: Also delivered by independent supplier, who receives an order every 14 days. Delivery time is much longer (typically up to 6 weeks), which is the reason why the minimum inventory level is set at 14000 pairs. Arm rests are placed in the raw material inventory. Feet: The company produces the feet in their own metal casting department. The foot is made of aluminum and the production capacity is 180 feet per production hour. Production is planned when the inventory level reaches 3000 feet, and a minimum batch size of 5000 feet is produces. The feet are the same regardless of wheels or nor the foot is mounted with wheels or rubber cylinders right after the foot have cooled off, and the feet are then placed on pallets in the work in progress inventory (50 feet on each pallet). Change over time is O. Seats: The company produces the two types of seats in their own plastic casting department (casting unit 1), and the capacity is 100 seat per hour. Production is planned when the inventory level reaches 2000 units, and a minimum batch size of 3000 units is produced. The seats are then placed on pallets in the work in progress inventory (40 seats on each pallet). Change over time is 2 hours. Back rests: The company produces the two types ot back rests in their own plastic casting department (casting unit 2), and the capacity is 150 back rests per hour. Production is planned when the inventory level reaches 1500 units, and a minimum batch size of 4000 units is produced. The back rests are placed on pallets in the work in progress inventory (30 seats on each pallet). Change over time is 2 hours. Seat and back rest upholstery: The company prepares and do the upholstery in the upholstery department. The upholstery department is responsible for making sure that there is minimum of 50 seats and 50 back rests on inventory in each of the fabrics and colors offered by the company. The capacity is 250 seats or 250 back rests per hour when all machines are running. The upholstered seats and back rests are placed on pallets in the work in progress inventory (25 seats or back rests on each pallet). Change over time is 30 minutes. The workers in the metal casting department and the two units in the plastic department operates one machine only, and each worker is responsible for getting the raw materials he/she needs from the inventory, and also for transporting the nits they produced to the work in progress inventory. Because it takes 2-3 days of training to learn how to operate each machine, the majority of workers can only operate one machine. Assembly: The assembly department assembles the chairs by mounting a piston, seat, back rest, and arm rests on a foot. The workers assemble chairs based on actual customer orders, sent to the department from the shipping department. The capacity is 200 chairs per hour. When a chair is assembled it is labeled with the customers order number and transported by the worker to the shipping department. Change over time is O. Shipping: The shipping departments prints out shipping documents and invoice, and pack these with the finished chair. The chair is then transported to the loading area where it waits for the whole sellers transport to arrive. Factory layout: The metal casting and plastic casting units are placed in production site 1, and all machines in each department and unit is placed in one line. The other production units are placed in production site 2. Inventory and production planning Production is planned using MRP to calculate inventory levels for all inventories. The MRP is based on a running forecast on the next 30 days of sold chairs. If an inventory level reaches a defined threshold, a procurement or production order is generated. The MRP is done once a week by the production planning department and the result is an overall production schedule for the next 30 days. Based on the estimated production needs for the next 30 days, the production department makes a detailed production plan tor the tollowing week, trying to minimize the number of change over on each machine. Schematic representation of information and production flow in Office Chairs Inc.

College Essay Writing Tips

College Essay Writing Tips College Essay Writing Tips This guide is devoted to college essay writing tips presented by professional essay writers for those who have many essays to write and yet lack time to read through lengthy guidelines. We believe that the whole process of college essay writing can be condensed into eight specific steps. Of course, each step requires varying length of time and scope of your attention. With our help, college essay writing is no longer a nightmare! If you find the following college essay writing tips useful and yet do not feel like writing a good essay tonight, you may confidently rely on our college essay writers and get your assignment done by professionals! Eight College Essay Writing Tips Tip 1: Brainstorming This is the first step of college essay writing. You need to think about the topic, decide on the specific aspects you want to cover, write down all thoughts running through your head in the process of topic analysis, and be ready for the next step. Tip 2: Outlining The second step of college essay writing is outlined creation. Why do you need a college essay outline? College essay outline helps you organize your ideas more effectively as it allows presenting your thoughts in a logical manner. Tip 3: Freewrite During this third step of college essay writing, your task is to turn ideas into sentences and paragraphs. While your essay may not be perfect from the very beginning, the purpose of this step is not to write a final draft but rather to expand your outline. Tip 4: Edit Now is time to edit your first draft. You may add additional ideas, expand paragraphs, add transitions between the paragraphs, check referencing, and do all other vital elements which affect the quality of your college essay writing: Tip 5: Second Draft So, we have reached the step when first draft is turned into second draft. It should be well-written, logically organized, and answer the essay question in full. You need to check your college essay for all vital aspects and requirements of the instructor. Tip 6: Edit Draft 2 Basically, you need to look at the whole essay with the special attention paid to the grammar, mechanism, spelling, and other mistakes which might have been left without your attention in the process of writing. Tip 7: Print Essay Sounds easy enough and yet you need to print your second draft of college essay. Sometimes, when you have a printed copy at hand, editing process becomes much easier as you start noticing many mistakes including organization, length of paragraphs, and flow of ideas. Tip 8: Proofread Finally, proofread your final draft one more time prior to submission. If you are fully satisfied with your work, do not hesitate to submit your assignment. If not, you may go through steps 5-7 over again. Read also: Example of Argumentative Essay Essay Term Paper on Doing Business in China Term Paper Editing APA Paper Format Literary Essay Hamlet

The National Trust for Scotland (NTS) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The National Trust for Scotland (NTS) - Essay Example The properties that are handled by the National Trust of Scotland are quite diverse ranging from castle to cottages. They also look after the birthplaces of famous Scots like Robbie Burns and taking care of the industrial heritage sites such as Lanark Mills also comes under their responsibility. Other than this, the Trust also takes care of over 200,000 acres of countryside including farmlands, mountains and moorlands, farmland forest, waterfalls, coastlines, and island (Countryhouses, 2010) Despite having such a great responsibility, the National Trust of Scotland has been ignoring its prescribed duty thus; it has to face the financial reality of their mistakes. These mistakes have somehow far- reaching consequences of its houses (Countryhouses, 2010). Marketing Proposal Mix The proper use of 7 Ps is very essential for internet marketing and when used properly, they can make a significant difference in online business. Therefore, to attract customers for the Trust, management should understand these policies and use them for the following reasons. Increase website traffic: To increase the internet traffic, the language used by the website must be easy and comprehendible to the viewers. By using the promotional strategies for the trust on the web, and advertising the places for the trust, you can surely gather the potential customer. The basic idea behind the increase in the traffic of website is to have an effective content on the site. Keeping in mind the element of people and place from the marketing mix, the trust should hire competent people who can make the site interactive for the user. It can also be done by making small a documentary on the places they handle (Snack, 2011). This might increase the budget of hiring but it can be recovered when business will be generated The other way to increase traffic on the site is to utilize the place, website, properly. Let people share information and their experiences about the trust places. Through this, the pro cess will be enhanced; they will remain engaged with the website and will come to know about the recent updates and offers made by the trust. Moreover, the management should keep on changing the features and content of the site so the user does not feel monotony. The anticipated outcome from these activities is to increase the viewership and the traffic on the site with little expenditure from the budget (Snack, 2011). Followers become advocates for the trust People who are passionate about the trust can become its best advocate. They can only become loyal customers if the Trust manages to give them the services they have promised them online. The Trust can make people their advocate if they manage to provide incentives to the people who will bring other customers for the Trust. These incentives can depend on the ratio of the business that they are bringing in; these customers can get free tickets to a national place or they can get discount of some events they want to hold in the T rust’s property. Through the proper planning, with very little investment the trust can play with Product and Pricing for the Promotion. The anticipated outcome form this is; the Trust can gain more customers with little investment. Thus, it will raise the income column of the budget sheet. Visit national Trust of Scotland or purchase from online store: It is generally

Why people marry, and what follows marriages or more interesting WHY Research Paper

Why people marry, and what follows marriages or more interesting WHY PEOPLE CHEAT - Research Paper Example This however, has seemed to diminish in recent years. The high rates of divorce and empty shell marriages leave a person wondering just how important this institution is nowadays. Cohabitation, single parent families, separated spouses or even divorced couples are now common to find. This report aims to focus on both the causes and effects and the situations and circumstances that lead to the spouses cheating in marriage. However, there are various causes as to why this trend is increasing and how these affect us. The way these broken families affect the individuals, the family, and the community as a whole is farfetched and the effects are not just for the time being. The stress in our lives today is a major cause for everyone going into their own shell and becoming isolated to a certain level, which results in marriages breaking down and people subjecting to cheating on their spouse. The number of people found with having extra marital affairs has increased in the last decade. The reasons for this may be numerous (Chappel, pp. 170). Often either of the spouses either is unhappy with the marriage or feels suffocated and frustrated. In the fast-paced world today, people have become more self-absorbed and the time to bond and spend a healthy time together has greatly diminished. When one of the spouses is feeling lonely, suffocated, or feels that the relationship is not giving a positive outcome, it results as one of the spouses feeling the need to cheat or seek that attention from an outer source (Chappel, pp. 170). There are times when the person vents out to a friend either of the opposite sex or a colleague or someone who has gone through a similar incident and the bond develops and sometimes leads to an extra marital affair. In some instances, after the couple has a child, the woman’s time is absorbed in the care taking of the baby, which causes the couple to start spending lesser and lesser time together. The man may result in feeling that he is not getting any attention and feels neglected. In such cases, he may start seeking that love and attention from an outer source. Sometimes, the reason may just be to gain the attention of the spouse, or it may actually be that the spouse gets involved in someone else, which gradually leads to problems, fights and may end up in separation or divorce (Meyer, 2001). Another reason why people may cheat in marriages is the â€Å"lack of intimacy† (Meyer, 2001). If one of the spouses does not show interest in sex or withholds it, the other might get frustrated and seek for the fulfillment of that pleasure elsewhere. It is therefore essential that both of them take care of each other’s needs and fulfill them in order to provide that level of satisfaction that they would be compelled to find elsewhere as a result if they do not get it within the marriage. In some cases, one of the spouses may stop giving attention to their physical appearance and that attractive instinct (Swartz, pp. 145). The person dealing with the stresses of life or business or any other aspect might become involved in tension, exhaustion or depression and stops giving the attention to the looks or the qualities that attract the spouse. When this need lacks at home, it results in the person starting to find other people attractive and start taking interest towards them because that quality begins to lack in their own partner. This also leads to cheating and the marriage becoming a problematic arena. Sometimes, this problem might arise due to natural problems and might not be the intentional or deliberate act of one person. The pressures and strains of the marriage relationship sometimes cause fights and

Royal Greenland Essay Example for Free

Royal Greenland Essay Royal Greenland is the largest producer of cold water prawns and the market leader of ever expending seafood products. The company belongs to Greenland and catches their primary raw materials and the clear ice cold water from there. The company has its modern part of hunting and fishing culture, which is always existed there and the catches are made with deep respect in Greenland nature and people. Royal Greenland’s clear aim is activities to contribute to the wellbeing Greenland community. Royal Greenland is not just a brand – it’s a promise. No matter what the challenges are, the company depends of committed staff. Royal Greenland has focus on quality and refuses to compromise. In this way Royal Greenland has been a reliable supplier and a trust world partner since 1774. Today is the company still in lead and extended itself as the most innovated and competitive player on the market. Whether if its own brand, as a supplier of private labels or via directed sells to the industry. For more than 230 years has Royal Greenland been associated with the first class seafood. The company’s future plans in investing are to have focus on improving their techniques and products to match the need of their modern consumer. Royal Greenland cooperates with private and public research institutions in order to continue developing their processing, distribution techniques and production. 2. Royal Greenland brand value Applying the Maslow hierarchy of needs, one may argue that Royal Greenland customers seek for self-esteem, recognition and status; they believe that being seen with the Royal Greenland products brand will fulfill these needs. Therefore, the value added to its customers is more intrinsic, being that is a physiological need the act of eating. Royal Greenland Royal Greenland However we may say that Royal Greenland stands in between level 1 and 2 of the Maslow Pyramid and maybe some may argue also between level 3, so that it can be also associated to a kind of luxury level of food and restaurants. Anyway is mainly a physiological need, the customers go for best in the balance of quality facing price. 3. The 4 P’s Products Seafood such as shellfish, natural fish, smoked and marinated fish, prawns. In their webpage they have a catalogue with 162 of different kind variation of the seafood that they offer. As a full-range supplier of seafood products Royal Greenland’s product assortment reflects the company’s ability to meet the need of our consumers and Royal Greenland’s ability to renew ourselves. In Royal Greenland marketing it is in matter; at their products have high quality standards. Royal Greenland is proud to present a broad range of high quality seafood products from their own fisheries and from selected suppliers around the world. They offer the â€Å"highest quality standards† in the world – their global quality team makes sure of that. If there are any complains about the products or about the services, the company takes them serious and they take professional action towards and try to avoid that happening again. Price For centuries, Royal Greenland has been associated with high quality seafood at affordable prices. The company’s product range makes it possible to prepare healthy and tasty meals for any occasion. Royal Greenland, have a price that most customers can afford. Royal Greenland gives the customers the products what they pay for. Place – They owns Production facilities in Canada, Denmark, Germany, Greenland and Poland. The customers can be sure that Royal Greenlands products get delivered o time and in a perfect condition. When dealing with perishable food products and especially frozen goods, it is extremely important to keep temperature constant during transportation and storage. In order to retain the high, natural quality of their products they are checked all the way from production, through storage to the customer by their Quality Control Team. In Denmark the company is distributing in different Danish supermarkets such as Irma and Fotex Promotion They use as promotion mainly their homepage. There the customers can find information about the company, the quality of their products, the way they prepare their products. Even though that the company don’t use any special way to promote themselves, Royal Greenland is the largest producer of cold water prawns and the market leader of ever expending seafood products. 4. Strategic Analysis For in depth analysis, to start with we need to identify the elements which affect the strategic decision; strategic position and strategic choice. The strategic position, where it argues the environmental and stakeholder’s effect on the issue, we identified two elements; economic downturn and new consumer needs. We used the Ansoff matrix to show how Royal Greenland stands concerning Markets and Products as it is shown below. Upon investigation of the company’s reports, one comprehends that both the sales growth rate and profit margin are declining. The company in its mature phase reveals that is the time to look for new segments or new markets. The time seems right for diversification by new product in new markets. 5. IMS (International Market Selection) Analyses The IMS analysis will help us to identify the right market to export. It is based on low psychic distance, low cultural distance and low geographic distance. Our assignment is about Far East countries and Polynesian Islands. We don’t have to argue why it is that, because it’s given. - In their official webpage there is a summary of companies owned or partially owned by the parent company Royal Greenland A/S. There we can see that Royal Greenland is a limited company and 100% of the stock is owned by the Greenlandic Selfrule Government is in Japan. That means that they already have knowledge with the Far East culture, and are ready to export to more Far East countries a brow. Royal Greenland is the biggest seafood company in Denmark. Royal Greenland is a large and complex organization with subsidiaries in a number of countries around the world. Royal Greenland A/S had an annual turnover in 2010/2011 of 4,7 billion DKK and more than 1,800 employees around the world. It has advantage of food  fresh  and  production technology. Royal Greenland has expanded to  many countries and regions on sale. The global economic is downturn, we should keep currently market share and develop the new market. Royal Greenland owns several production facilities located in the immediate vicinity of fisheries and their â€Å"key markets† Greenland, Canada, Denmark, Poland, Germany. We will go along 4 steps. We will describe more detail the general and specific criteria that is mention above. Step 1: In step one, we have the micro level. – Here we make decision which market the product is going to enter. This is about external factors such as PESTEL (politics economic, social, technology, environment and legal). In the first step we analysis IMS (International market selection). We chose New Zealand, China and Philippines. We will mainly look at those three countries political and economic factors. After those first reflections, we can figure out where we want to start. We will reduce from three, to two countries. Then we will make a Pest Analysis and compare them. Criteria – size and economy. Step 2: In step two, we have MECO. We will do our product analysis and market analysis. We will find information about the competitors, and compare our products to the competitors. We will do a competitive analysis. Step 3: Internal analysis. All the internal tickets: are proactive or reactive. Step 4: In step four we actually do segmentation in regards to customers. Demographics – lifestyle, age, gender, buyer behavior, income. New Zealand PESTEL Analysis Political and Environmental Factors: Elizabeth 11 queen of New Zealand has no real political influence and her position is essentially symbolic. Political power is held by the democratically elected Parliament of New Zealand under leadership of Prime Minister, who is the head of government. New Zeland has ranked fifth in the world for political stability in the IMD world competitiveness yearbook 2009. In New Zealand electronics are held every three years so the government has to at time make some compromises with economic growth in order to pursue its political motives. While it may have been acceptable in the past for businesses to pursue profits single minden with a little or no consideration for the wider social and environmental impact of their activities, this is not the case anymore today. The consumer movement and the environmental lobby are now firmly established as vigilant and powerful watchdogs, and have successfully brought changes in business practice and in how businesses must operate. In New Zealand the government announced significant changes to business taxation and the business environment to help develop a more innovative and dynamic economy better able to compete in the global marketplace. Economic Analysis: The Economy of New Zealand is a market economy which is greatly dependent on international trade, mainly with Australia, the European Union, the United States, China and Japan. It has only small manufacturing ad high-tech sectors, being strongly focused on tourism and primary industries like agriculture (though both sectors are highly profitable). Economic tree – market reforms of the last decades have removed many barriers to foreign investment, and the World Bank in 2005 praised New Zealand as being the most business – friendly country in the world, before Singapore. Social Factors: The first release of data from the 2010 New Zealand General Social Survey showed that: New Zealanders have relatively high levels of overall life satisfaction. In the survey, 87 percent of the population reported they were ‘satisfied’ or ‘very satisfied’ with their lives overall. However, satisfaction with life varied across different groups within the population, in particular when looking at people’s labour force status, stage in life, household income, and the type of family they live in. Technological Factors: As a Western country, New Zealand has a proactive, creative and skilled labor. They have the worlds leading educational institutions; a highly educated population with graduate level is increasing. English is the main language of New Zealand. New Zealanders also have excellent quality of soft skills, professional ethics and the spirit of daring to do famous. Technology includes: * processes/systems (operational) * machinery * intellectual property * IT systems. The technology or business skills must be introduced into New Zealand as a result of the investment they must not already be in New Zealand. PEST analysis for China Political Analysis: China is communist country but it is transforming into democratic form of government. The Chinese government has, in the past, strongly controlled such things as prices, markets, products, foreign assets, and personal assets. However, during the past decade, the Chinese government has chosen to open their markets to world investors and to create laws and regulations more in line with the World Trade Center guidelines. This change in philosophy has encouraged foreign investment in China. However, regardless of the recent move towards an open market, the Chinese socialist political environment should remain a key risk factor in any potential expansion. There is only one party in china which is communist party of china. As there is only one party ruling the country so there is stability in the country which is very necessary for business activities. The stability in the country attracts foreign investments in the country. The government also provides different incentives and securities to the new businesses. For example government can declare certain area tax free and thus attracting new investors in the country. The laws are a bit complex for the new investors. But if the new investment Is approved then it will be a successful business. Economic Analysis: Chinas economy is huge and expanding rapidly. In the last 30 years, the rate of Chinese economic growth has been almost miraculous, averaging 8 percent growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per annum. The economy has grown more than 10 times during that period, with Chinese GDP reaching 3. 42 trillion US dollars in 2007. China already has the biggest economy after the United States and most analysts predict China will become the largest economy in the world this century. China is a very good market for the investors to invest and earn profits. Both the industry and agriculture sector provides opportunities to the investors to invest. Inflation rate (consumer prices): The inflation rate in china is 5%. The inflation is very much low and it is in single figure. The prices of commodities are low in china. And this figure is also a controlled one. Central bank discount rate: 2. 79% (December 2009) This is a very good sign for the investors as the financing would be easy and funds can be generated if needed. As the rate is very lower so the expected inflation rate is also low which means that more employment. Social Factors: Chinas spectacular economic growth-averaging 8% or more annually over the past two decades-has produced an impressive increase in the standard of living for hundreds of millions of Chinese citizens. At the same time, this economic development has had severe ramifications for the natural environment. There has been a dramatic increase in the demand for natural resources of all kinds, including water, land and energy. The population growth of china is high and government is taking steps to control this growth of the population. The population growth rate of the country is 0. 94%. The 72. 1% of the population is 15-64 years which is the main target population for the businesses. Technological Factors: The history of science and technology in China is both long and rich with many contributions to science and technology. THE end of cheap China is at hand. Blue-collar labour costs in Guangdong and other coastal hubs have been rising at double-digit rates for a decade. Workers in the hinter land, too, are demanding—and receiving—huge pay increases. China is no longer a place where manufacturers can go to find ultra-cheap hands. Contrary to conventional wisdom, it will not mean that companies close their Chinese factories and stampede to somewhere poorer. China is still a terrific place to make things. Labour may be cheaper elsewhere, but it is only one cost among several. Unlike its lower-paying rivals, China has reasonable infrastructure, sophisticated supply chains and the advantage of scale. When demand surges for a particular product, the biggest firms in China can add thousands of extra workers to a production line in a matter of hours. Environmental Factors: Chinas development and environment practices have made the country one of the worlds leading contributors to regional and global environmental problems, including acid rain, ozone depletion, global climate change, and biodiversity loss. Environmental degradation and pollution in China also pose challenges well beyond those to the natural environment. The ramifications for the social and economic welfare of the Chinese people are substantial. Public health problems, mass migration, forced resettlement, and social unrest are all the consequence of a failure to integrate environmental considerations into development efforts effectively. Sacrificing environmental needs, such as trees, for economic gain. PESTE analysis Philippines Political analysis The Philippines’ diverse population, which speaks more than 80 languages and dialects, is spread over 7,000 islands in the Western Pacific Ocean. The country returned to democracy in 1986 after two decades of autocratic rule. President Benigno Aquino III took office in 2010 with a mandate to address pervasive government corruption. Economic analysis Despite the challenging global economic environment, the Philippine economy has been on a steady path of economic expansion. The government has pursued a series of legislative reforms to enhance the entrepreneurial environment and develop a stronger private sector to generate broader-based job growth. Overall progress has been gradual, but regulatory efficiency has been notably enhanced. The economy has expanded at an average annual rate of close to 5 percent over the past five years. The economy of the Philippines is hampered by huge foreign debt, a low savings rate, inefficient tax collection, inadequate infrastructure , especially outside major cities, and poor agricultural performance. The Philippine economy is vulnerable to oil-price increases, interest-rate shifts by the U. S. Federal Reserve, and the performance of international stock exchanges. Social Factors: Social factors that have a negative impact on the economy include a high crime rate, especially kidnappings and rape, pockets of Communist rebels in rural areas, threats from Muslim separatist movements, high rates of poverty and unemployment, and the governments inability to begin its land-distribution program. Environmental factors also damage economic development, including frequent typhoons and drought. Worker productivity is adversely affected by illnesses brought on by air and water pollution. In metropolitan Manila alone, the effect of pollution on health and labor productivity has been estimated to be equal to a loss of about 1 percent of gross national product annually. Technological Factors: In todays fast paced world, the need to operate globally and without boundaries has increased the abilities and expectations for technology. Information technology, being the theme on everyones mind throughout the last decades is still reaching new levels. The new and tremendous dvancements in telecommunication technology in the new millennium were the milestone for the outsourcing of service activities that were about to penetrate the Philippines. The country has a lot of highly skilled IT people and the IT infrastructure and supports are very advanced. Therefore, the technology allows products and services to be made significantly cheaper than in domestic markets, and yet maintain at lea st the same quality. The employees are working at wages approximately 400% smaller than in Europe but the final results they deliver are hard to distinguish from the European ones. The cheap costs also give the possibility to be more flexible and take risks because there is not much to lose. It is easy foreigners who did not really have beliefs or big plans for their businesses but they thought it would be fun to run a company without seriously endangering your budget. Environment Factors: The Philippines is prone to natural disasters, particularly typhoons, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis, lying as it does astride the typhoon belt, in the active volcanic region known as the â€Å"Pacific Ring of Fire,† and in the geologically unstable region between the Pacific and Eurasian tectonic plates. The Philippines also suffers major human-caused environmental degradation aggravated by a high annual population growth rate, including loss of agricultural lands, deforestation, soil erosion, air and water pollution, improper disposal of solid and toxic wastes, loss of coral reefs, mismanagement and abuse of coastal resources, and overfishing. According to Greenpeace SouthEast Asia, the Philippines major historical river, the Pasig River is now biologically dead due to negligence and industrialization. Currently, the Philippines Department of Environment and Natural Resources has been busy tracking down illegal loggers and been spearheading projects to preserve the quality of many remaining rivers that are not yet polluted. Conclusion: By using the PESTEL framework we analyzed the many different factors in a firms macro environment. In some cases particular issues may fit in several categories. The PESTEL Factors in China appears in several categories, we simply make a decision of where we think it best belongs. We think that to export in China will have the greatest impact. We have made a SWOT analysis, which proves that China would be the best market to export in. 6. SWOT Analyses SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses/Limitations, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieve that objective. So concerning our previous explanations and answers to themes in analyses, we came up with the following SWOT analyses: 7. Business Law Contract for the International Sales of Goods (CISG): CISG stands for contract of sale of goods, the convention applies when the buyer and seller have their place of business in different states and when the parties are from contracting states . As Royal Greenland Company is going to sell its product to China from Denmark. At the same time, China is approved to apply CISG, but Denmark is not agreed with the CISG Law. So there are two conditions: ?Royal Greenland company (seller)—the buyer in China: If the two parties did not agree about which law is to apply, then the rule of seller? s country shall apply. So in this situation, the rule of the Denmark should apply, as the Danish law mentions that the CISG takes precedence in international sales. So if the Royal Greenland Company is seller and the buyer is in China, then the CISG should be applied. ?Royal Greenland company (buyer)—the suppliers in China: It is also about the sales of goods, the rule of seller? s country shall apply, and as the China is not approved the CISG. So the law from the China shall be applied if the Royal Greenland is buyer and the supplier is from China. Performance is the fulfillment of a promise in the contract. Many issues can arise in a sales contract after the contract is made and before a partys performance is required. Sometimes performance may be made impracticable. If the goods are completely destroyed before the risk of loss has passed to the oversea buyer, and the goods have not been destroyed through the fault of either party, Royal Greenland may be excused from performing. Risk of loss is responsibility for any damage or destruction of goods; the parties may decide in the contract when the risk of loss of the goods passes from Royal Greenland to the buyer. If the goods are only partially destroyed or have deteriorated, the buyer may demand to inspect the goods and either void the contract or accept the goods with a reduction in the contract price. Royal Greenland may avoid performing only if the destroyed goods were specifically identified when the sale was made. There are two situations in which a party must make a substituted performance in case the agreed method of performance becomes impracticable. First, when the goods cannot be transported by the agreed-upon method of transportation, Royal Greenland must use available transportation that is a commercially reasonable substitute. Second, if an agreed-upon method of payment fails, the buyer must use a commercially reasonable substitute method of payment if one is available. If a party fails to substitute transportation or payment, she could be liable to the other party for losses resulting from the failure. In some cases the purpose of a sale may be frustrated by circunstances beyond the control of both buyer and seller. At times it may appear to a party that the other party will be unable to perform by the expected date. For example, assume that a party agrees to sell goods on credit. If the buyer becomes financially insolvent before the goods are delivered, the seller may demand cash before delivering the goods. If the goods are in transit, the seller may instruct the carrier to withhold delivery of the goods. A party is considered insolvent if she cannot pay debts as they come due, has ceased to pay debts, or has liabilities that exceed assets. If a party has reasonable grounds to feel insecure about the other partys ability to perform, the insecure party may demand assurances before performing. Alternatively, if the other party gives the assurance, the concerned party must follow through on his obligations. Precisely what constitutes an effective assurance is a question of fact that depends on the nature of the goods, the size of the contract, the length of time until performance, and similar considerations. In any case a concerned party may not make commercially unreasonable demands on a party prior to performance and then withhold performance if the other party does not meet the demands. Delivery We think that there are two-clause suit for the Royal Greenland Company, one is F-clause, and the other is C-clause. ?F-clauses FOB (free on board). In this situation, the Royal Greenland must load the products on board the designed by the buyer in the China. The goods are delivered when they have been handed over to the first carrier designed by the buyer. The advantage of this rule is the transportation fees and the risk is shared by the Royal Greenland and the buyer in the China. FAS (free alongside Ship). In this situation, the Royal Greenland must deliver the goods to the specified spot; the goods and risk are delivered when they are placed alongside the ship. The advantage of this is that the seller don? t need to take the goods to the board. ?C-clauses CIF (cost insurance and freight). In the situation, the seller shall pay for marine insurance and costs all the way to the place of destination, the risk passed when goods are on board the ship in the dispatch port. For example, we deliver the products (named of) to China and we pay all the insurance and transportation fee until the products arrive to the place of destination, The advantage of this rule is although the Royal Greenland pay all the transportation fees and insurance fees but they have the lowest risk, if they got any damages during the transport the insurance company will pay all the losses. Seller? obligations (CISG) and Buyer? s obligations (CISG) ?The seller must: 1, Deliver the goods 2, Handover documents 3, Transfer rights of ownership of goods to the buyer The seller must deliver the right goods quantity and quantity at right place and at the time agreed in contract. And hand over the document that is necessary. Transfer rights of ownership of goods to the buyer, such as risk. There are many conditions: some risk is passed to buyer when the goods are hand over to the first independent carrier. Some risk passes to buyer when buyer at the time of receipt of the goods at the seller? s place of business. When the risk passes to buyer, it is depend on the which kind of transportation way that the seller and buyer choose. ?The buyer shall to take delivery of goods and pay the payment that has been agreed at the agreed time and place. Buyer? s remedies in the event of the seller? s breach of contract (CISG) There are also some remedies in the event of each parties breach the contract. First of all, we list several breaches from the seller, and remedies for the breach. When the sell breach a contract in case: 1. Delay 2. Defect 3. Defective title. The buyer can choose to: 1. Affirm 2. Cancel 3. And claim damages if a loss has been incurred. The buyer can also demand corrective performance, at the same time the seller has a right to correct also after the goods have been delivered. Seller? s remedies in the event of the buyer? s breach of contract (CISG) When the buyer breach a contract in case: 1. Not paying for the goods 2. Not taking delivery of the goods. In such cases happen, the seller has the rights to: 1. Affirm 2. Cancel 3. Claim damages. Conclusion It is benefit for the Royal Greenland Company to put then in a good position if they are similar with the CISG and doing the international sale with China. 8. Economics As attachment in appendix there is the study on investment table as well as the net-cash flow diagram. Anyway below is our conclusion: 9. Conclusion Royal Greenland A/S (Royal Greenland) is a Denmark based company operating in the provision of seafood products. It is one of the worlds biggest producers of coldwater shrimps and a market leader in a wide range of seafood products. The company, along with its subsidiaries is engaged in fishing, processing, production, marketing and distribution of seafood products. The core products of the company include prawn and shellfish products, fillet products, ready to eat products and smoked products. The company operates through a number of production sites across Greenland, Denmark, Germany and Poland, and sales offices in Europe, the US and Japan. Royal Greenland is headquartered at Nuuk in Denmark. Export to restaurants. In our assignment we decided after making an PESTEL analysis in 3 different countries from Far East, to export in China. Beside that we chose to export in the restaurant market. The reason why we chose to export in restaurants is, that restaurant is the largest segment of the profit foodservice sector in China, accounting for 94% of the sectors total value. The pubs, nightclubs and bars segment accounts for a further 1. 2% of the sector Market analysis. The Chinese profit foodservice sector displayed double digit growth over the 2007 to 2011 period. The sector is forecast to post healthy growth during the period up to 2016. In comparison, the Japanese sector will decline with a compound annual rate of change (CARC) of -0. 8%, and the Indian sector will increase with a CAGR of 17. 4%, over the same period, to reach respective values of $102. 8 billion and $58. 1 billion in 2011. Sector consumption volumes are forecast to increase with a CAGR of 3. % between 2007-2011, to reach a total of 115. 6 billion visits in 2011. The sectors volume is expected to rise to 133. 1 billion visits by the end of 2016, representing a CAGR of 2. 9% for the 2011-2016 period. The restaurants segment is expected to be the sectors most lucrative in 2011, with total revenue of $135. 5 billion, equivalent to 94% of the sectors overall value. The pubs, nightclubs and bars segment will contribute revenue of $1. 7 billion in 2011, equating to 1. 2% of the sectors aggregate value. Market value forecast In 2016, the Chinese profit foodservice sector is forecast to have a value of $236,162. 1 million, an increase of 63. 8% since 2011. Buyer power in the profit foodservice sector in China Buyers in the global profit foodservice sector are individual consumers, which are large in number but hold very little financial muscle independently. High transaction volumes mean that the impact of any one customer on revenues is usually small. The exception here can be in the case of premium-price, non-chain restaurants, whose business model relies on low-volume, high-margin sales. This lack of financial muscle minimizes the power of buyers, although they benefit from the lack of costs incurred by switching from one profit foodservice player to another. Profit foodservice is not strictly essential to consumers: they can backwards integrate by cooking their own food. Profit foodservice players have invested heavily in brand-building, especially in the low- and medium- price segments. The Uppsala model has described the internationalization of a firm as a process of experiential learning and incremental commitments which leads to an evolutionary development in a foreign market. Royal Greenland Export Royal Greenland A/S sales subsidiaries have been established on the most important markets i. e. in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, the UK and the USA. The southern part of Asia is yet another potential sales subsidiary location. However, no matter where a subsidiary is placed, company policy dictates that it be managed by local staff to ensure the greatest insight into each countrys market, and dietary and cultural traditions a policy which has proven very rewarding. The Export Division sells about 65,000 t of high-quality products from a constantly expanding product range to 40 main markets all over the world. The divisions product development department ensures that customer demands concerning products and lines are made in consultation with Royal Greenland. Delivery reliability is equally ensured and realised through close collaboration with the Divisions colleagues in Greenland. Royal Greenland Development Royal Greenland Development was established in 1995 to offer its know-how and expertise to Third World fishery development projects. The divisions role is to participate in research fishing aimed at establishing what resources are at hand and to assist with product development and production. Further assistance in the form of raw materials and sales facilities may also be offered by the Division, which works in collaboration with internationally recognized aid organizations. Contracts have already been drawn up in India and Vietnam and business prospects are promising in China, Southeast Asia, Africa and South America. 11. Reference List Global Marketing – A Decision-Oriented Approach Fifth Edition, Svend Hollensen Business and Danish Law Book ttp://www. royalgreenland. com http://www. royalgreenland. com http://www. slideshare. net http://www. stats. govt. nz http://www. linz. govt. nz http://www. economywatch. com http://www. economist. com http://www. cfr. org http://www. heritage. org http://www. nationsencyclopedia. com http://en. wikipedia. org http://www. articlesbase. com [ 1 ]. The countries that are in Far East are: China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, Mongolia, North and South Korea, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Russia. Geographically, the Polynesian Triangle is drawn by connecting the points of Hawaii, New Zealand and Easter Island. The other main island groups located within the Polynesian Triangle are Samoa, Tonga, the Cook Islands, Tuvalu, Tokelau, Niue, Wallis and Futuna and French Polynesia. [ 2 ]. - (http://www. royalgreenland. com/uk/Our-company/Organisation/Ownership-and-Asso ciated-Companies. aspx ) [ 3 ]. http://www. royalgreenland. com/uk/Our-company/Facts-Figures. aspx [ 4 ]. http://www. royalgreenland. om/uk/Fishery-and-processing/Production-facilities. aspx [ 5 ]. http://www. slideshare. net/Nokhov/new-zealand-presentation-847054 [ 6 ]. http://www. slideshare. net/Nokhov/new-zealand-presentation-847054 [ 7 ]. http://www. stats. govt. nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/Families/nz-general-social-survey-info-releases. aspx [ 8 ]. http://www. linz. govt. nz/overseas-investment/applications/technical-resources/benefit-nz-factors/new-technology [ 9 ]. http://www. economywatch. com/ world_economy/china/? page=full [ 10 ]. http://www. economist. om/node/21549938 [ 11 ]. http://www. cfr. org/china/chinas-environmental-challenge-political-social-economic-implications/p5573 [ 12 ]. http://www. heritage. org/index/country/philippines [ 13 ]. http://www. heritage. org/index/country/philippines [ 14 ]. http://www. nationsencyclopedia. com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Philippines-OVERVIEW-OF-ECONOMY. html#ixzz2AIfp1mkg [ 15 ]. http://www. articlesbase. com/outsourcing-articles/technological-factors-in-the-philippines-4035972. html [ 16 ]. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Environment_of_the_Philippines

Finding the Root of the Problem of School Violence Essay -- Shootings

Finding the Root of the Problem of School Violence After shootings at Jonesboro, Ark, Paducah, Ky, Springfield, Ore, Pearl, Miss, and Littleton, Co, serious questions arise such as has school violence risen, and, if so, what can we do to fix it. The truth is, school violence is on a rise, and it can be attributed to factors such as disinterest in learning, the total preservation of the civil rights of the students at all costs, and the lack of power the teachers and administrators have to punish misbehavior. Solutions such as forcing school uniforms, voluntary learning, and peer mediation take a long time to implement and an even longer time to see visible results, but they are necessary to ensure our future in America as educated peoples. We must be careful, though, to not go overboard in creating laws such as the zero tolerance rule in order to keep our schools both safe and fair. In finding appropriate, working solutions to school violence, we first need to find the root of the problem. Does the accessibility of guns really play a major role in the problem? The answer is no, it does not. Putting up metal detectors, forcing mesh (see-through) backpacks, and hiring thousands of uniformed security guards will not solve the problem (Cloud 1). Finding a permanent, better resulting answer demands a closer look at where the problem starts. Kids are growing up these days with little or no real punishment compared to thirty years ago. Kids just do not respect the teacher’s authority anymore because parents, concerned for the civil rights of their children, make teachers go through a long litany of proceedings in order to punish a student (Toby 3). A hearing must take place during which accusations must be made fully supported by witnesses to these accusations to suspend a misbehaving student. Ideas such as â€Å"zero tolerance† are created to try and give power immediately back to the teachers, yet it only causes more problems. The zero tolerance punishes severely any violation of a law, no matter how small or large the infraction might be, in order to make an example (Skiba 3). This punishing just discourages most students. As one interviewed student said, â€Å"when they suspend you, you get in more trouble, ‘cause you’re out in the street†¦I got in trouble more than I get in trouble at school, because I got arrested and everything† (5). The ... ...related to factors such as disinterest in learning, the total preservation of civil rights of students at all costs, and the lack of power teachers and administrators have to punish students. We need uniforms, peer mediation, voluntary high schools, and a reconnecting of community and school in all schools in order to overcome the rising violence. It is up to everyone to do his or her own part in keeping peace, and making sure we implement these safeguards to help obtain and keep the peace. Bibliography: Works Cited Cloud, John, and Cathy Booth, et al. â€Å"What Can the Schools Do?† Time 3 May, 1999. Britannica.com. CD-ROM. Information Access. 15 Nov. 2000 http://www.britannica.com Lehrer, Jim. â€Å"Re: School Violence.† Online Posting. 22 April, 1999. Online NewHour. 16 Nov. 2000 http://www.onlinenewshour.com Skiba, Russ, and Reece Peterson. â€Å"The Dark Side of Zero Tolerance.† Phi Delta Kappan Jan. 1999. Britannica.com. CD-ROM. Information Access. 14 Nov. 2000. http://www.britannica.com Toby, Jackson. â€Å"Getting Serious About School Discipline.† Public Interest. Fall 1998. Britannica.com. CD-ROM. Information Access 15 Nov. 2000 http://www.britannica.com

Dr.George Borg Olivier

Dr. George Borg Olivier (1950-1955, 1962-1971) | | Notary Giorgio Borg Olivier, was born in Valletta on the 5th July, 1911. He was educated at the Lyceum, Malta, and the Royal university of Malta. He graduated Doctor of Laws in 1937. In 1939 he was elected to the Council of Government. With the return of responsible Government in 1947 Dr. Borg Olivier was elected to the Legislative Assembly. In 1950 he held the post of Minister of Works and Reconstruction and the post of Minister of Education in the Government led by Dr Enrico Mizzi.He succeeded Dr Mizzi as Prime Minster and Minister of Justice on the latter's death in December 1950. After the general elections held in May 1951, Borg Olivier formed a coalition Government with the Malta Works Party. He was Head of the new Government, he retained the Ministry of Works and Reconstruction. He was again returned to office in 1953 and was Head of a Coalition Government with the Malta Worker's Party until he was defeated in 1955. From 1955 to 1958 Dr Borg Olivier was leader of Opposition.He led the delegations in June and September 1955 for the Malta Round Table Conference and in November 1958 he led a delegation for talks in London about the restoration of self-government. Following the February 1962 election, Giorgio Borg Olivier accepted to form a Government after obtaining important amendments to the Constitution. In addition to being Prime Minister, he assumed the portfolio of Minister of Economic Planning and Finance. In June he made a formal request for independence and in September of the same year he attended the Commonwealth Prime Minister's Meeting.On the 13th July, 1963, Borg Olivier headed a Government delegation for the Malta Independence Conference at the end of which it was announced that Malta would become independent. After having had a series of talks with the British Government and after preparing a Constitution for and independent Malta, which was endorsed by Parliament and approved by the people in a referendum held in February 1964, and the 21st September was set as Malta's Independence Day.On Independence Day the degree of Doctor of Literature (Honoris Causa) was conferred on Borg Olivier by the Royal University of Malta. On 25th January, 1964, Borg Olivier was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Sylvester, Pope, by His Holiness Pope Paul VI. In November 1964, he was received by His Holiness Pope Paul VI and made Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX. In March 1965, he became Minister of commonwealth and Foreign Affairs in addition to his duties as Prime Minister and Minister of Economic Planning and Finance.In the General Elections held in March 1966, the Nationalist Party was again returned to power with Borg Olivier as Prime Minister and Minister of Commonwealth and Foreign Affairs. On the 14th June, 1968, Dr Borg Olivier was decorated with the Grand Cross of Merit of the Order of Malta by the Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Hospitallier Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta. Giorgio Borg Olivier married Alexandra Mattei in 1943. They have one daughter: Angela, and two sons: Alexander and Peter. Died on 29th October, 1980.

Is Tourism Considered an Import or an Export?

Is tourism import or export? Tourism is now one of the fastest growing sectors of the economies of many countries, especially for the developed regions. What is the majority of their income of the tourism industry comes from? In fact, their income is came form importing and exporting tourism. However, is tourism solely export or import? Our group holds the view that tourism is both import and export. Exporting tourism means that tourists from other places travel to the host country and consume goods and services. In addition, according to book ‘Tourism Principles and Practice (second edition)’, it is said that international tourist expenditure can be seen as an invisible export from the other countries. To explain, let us take Macau as an example. Macau, as an international city with its fast-developing tourism industry, attracts tourists all around the world. At the day when tourists first arrive Macau until they leave, they will have fundamental needs of transportation, accommodation and food and beverages. When tourists go to different scenic spots, they will need transportation and they may buy souvenirs. Moreover, some of them will visit the casinos for entertainment, and eventually they will need to eat and to have a place to stay (e. g. hotel). As they are enjoying all these services, Macau is exporting tourism for Macau provides these services. On the other hand, importing tourism means that people from the host country travel to the other places and consume goods and services there. In fact, import of tourism is exactly the opposite of export of tourism. Domestic citizens of the host country travel to other places and surely they will also need accommodation and transportation. Therefore, we are importing tourism from other places. In conclusion, according to the above information provided, our group strongly agrees that tourism should include both import and export. Furthermore, import and export should be maintained in an equilibrium state.

spotted owl controversy essays

spotted owl controversy essays The Northern Spotted Owl Controversy Save a Logger- Save an Owl- Eat an Owl VS. Ban Logging -Timber Industry - Environmentalists On April 2, 1993, President Clinton fulfilled a campaign promise by convening a forest conference in Portland, OR, to address the gridlock over management of the Federal forestlands in the Pacific Northwest and the resulting effects on communities and the regional economy. Clinton and his advisors then went on to draft a plan which sharply restricted logging in a 2,000-acre radius around known spotted owl nests, required that at least 500 acres of the largest trees in that zone be left uncut and prohibits logging within 70 acres of a nest (www.facts.com/cd/z00001.htm). This action devastated a region that depended on logging as much as the Owl depends on its forests. Was it right to sacrifice the jobs and well being of thousands of citizens to save a rare species from extinction? On the other hand, would it have been responsible to wipe the entire population of a species off the planet because of our own greed? Hopefully I will be able to answer those questions and more, so read on . The Northern Spotted Owl can only live in an old growth environment, and is considered an indicator species: The health of the Northern Spotted Owl population indicates the health of the old-growth forest ecosystem. The Northern Spotted Owl was listed as threatened in The Endangered Species Act, meaning that the logging industry has obviously taken its toll on the forests ecosystem. Part of the reason the Spotted Owl is endangered is because it needs so much space to live. An individual Northern Spotted Owl needs more than 3,000 acres of old growth to survive, because of its scarce food supply. The Owl is found in the cool, moist woodlands on the Pacific Northwest, and its necessary habitat is very specific (.onrc.org/). First, it require...

Definition and Examples of Formal Essays

Definition and Examples of Formal Essays In composition studies, a formal essay is a  short, relatively impersonal composition in prose. Also known as an impersonal essay or a Baconian essay (after the writings of Englands first major essayist, Francis Bacon). In contrast to the familiar or personal essay, the formal essay is typically used for the discussion of ideas. Its rhetorical purpose is generally to inform or persuade. The technique of the  formal essay, says William Harmon, is now practically identical with that of all factual or theoretical prose in which literary effect is secondary (A Handbook to Literature, 2011). Examples and Observations Formal essays were introduced in England by [Francis] Bacon, who adopted Montaignes term. Here the style is objective, compressed, aphoristic, wholly serious. . . . In modern times, the formal essay has become more diversified in subject matter, style, and length until it is better known by such names as article, dissertation, or thesis, and factual presentation rather than style or literary effect has become the basic aim.(L. H. Hornstein, G. D. Percy, and C. S. Brown, The Readers Companion to World Literature, 2nd ed. Signet, 2002)A Blurred Distinction Between Formal Essays and Informal EssaysFrancis Bacon and his followers had  a more impersonal, magisterial, law-giving, and didactic manner than the skeptical Montaigne. But they should not be viewed as opposites; the distinction between formal and informal essay can be overdone, and most great essayists have crossed the line frequently. The difference is one of degree. [William] Hazlitt was essentially a personal essayist, thoug h he wrote theater and art criticism; Matthew Arnold and John Ruskin were essentially formal essayists, though they may have tried a personal essay once in a while. Personality creeps into the most impersonal of writers: it is difficult to read Bacon on friendship or having children, for instance, without suspecting he is talking about autobiographical matters. Dr. Johnson was probably more a moral  essayist than a personal one, though his work has such an individual, idiosyncratic stamp that I have persuaded myself to place him in the personal camp. George Orwell seems split fifty-fifty, an essay hermaphrodite who always kept one eye on the subjective and one on the political. . . .The Victorian era saw a turn toward the formal essay, the so-called essay of ideas written by [Thomas] Carlyle, Ruskin, [Matthew] Arnold, Macaulay, Pater. Between Lamb and Beerbohm there was scarcely an English personal essay, with the exception of those by Robert Louis Stevenson and Thomas De Quincey. . . .(Phillip Lopate, Introduction to The Art of the Personal Essay. Anchor, 1994) Voice in the Impersonal Essay[E]ven when I plays no part in the language of an essay, a firm sense of personality can warm the voice of the impersonal essay narrator. When we read Dr. [Samuel] Johnson and Edmund Wilson and Lionel Trilling, for instance, we feel that we know them as fully developed characters in their own essays, regardless of their not referring personally to themselves.(Phillip Lopate, Writing Personal Essays: On the Necessity of Turning Oneself Into a Character. Writing Creative Nonfiction, ed. by Carolyn Forchà © and Philip Gerard. Writers Digest Books, 2001)Crafting the Impersonal IUnlike the exploratory self of Montaigne, Francis Bacons impersonal I appears already to have arrived. Even in the comparatively expansive third edition of the Essays, Bacon provides few explicit hints as to either the character of the textual voice or the role of the expected reader. . . . [T]he absence of a felt self on the page is a deliberate rhetorical effect: the effort to effac e voice in the impersonal essay is a way of evoking a distant but authoritative persona. . . . In the formal essay, invisibility must be forged.(Richard Nordquist, Voices of the Modern Essay. University  of Georgia, 1991)